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ORAL PRESENTATION / SÖZLÜ SUNUM

Pharmacokinetics of Oral and Subcutaneous Administration of Free
and Liposomal Levamisole in Goats

Hasan SUSAR¹ * Murat ÇELEBİ 2 Mehmet ÖZÜİÇLİ 3
,
Çağla ÇELEBİ 1 Aybek YİĞİT 4 İzzet KARAHAN
1

1 Balıkesir University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Balıkesir, TÜRKIYE
2 Balıkesir University, Savastepe Vocational School, Department of Laboratory and
Veterinary Health, Balıkesir, TÜRKIYE
3 Balıkesir University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Balıkesir,
TÜRKIYE
4 Iğdır University, Tuzluca Vocational School, Department of Pharmacy Services, Iğdır, TÜRKIYE

*Correspound Author: hasan.susar@balikesir.edu.tr

This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of free and liposomal levamisole in

goats after single oral and subcutaneous administrations at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg. The study
developed a levamisole liposome and investigated relevant parameters: particle size, zeta

potential, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, pH, and morphology. Blood samples
were collected by jugular venipuncture in heparinized tubes immediately before each free and
liposomal levamisole treatment and at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240, and 480 min and 12,

18, and 24 h after oral and subcutan administration. Free and liposomal levamisole plasma
concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet

(HPLC–UV). Liposomal formulations showed significantly higher values than free formulations in
terms of λz, Cmax, Clast, AUC 0-t, AUC0-∞, AUCExp, and OKS0-∞ parameters (p<0.05). In terms

of route of administration, subcutaneous administration significantly increased Cmax, Clast, AUC
0-t, and AUC0-∞ values (p<0.05). In oral administration, the half-life and clearance of the drug

were higher in the free formulation. The interaction between formulation and route of
administration was found to be significant in the λz, t1/2, AUCExp, Vdalan, OKS0-∞, and OKS0-t
parameters. Subcutaneous administration yielded better values than oral administration for the

liposomal formulation. As a result, it was concluded that liposomal levamisole may exhibit better
efficacy than free levamisole in goats. It was considered necessary to conduct studies in different

animal species to confirm this finding.
Keywords: Goat, levamisole, liposome, HPLC, pharmacokinetic parameters.

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